Bandarban Town
Map of Bandarban District
A nearly 52 km² hill-town housing about 32,000 people, of which the majority are Marma. There is a Tribal Cultural foundation here, which features a library and a museum. The town also features Bandarban Town Hospital (offering the best therapeutic service in the district), the District Public Library, Bandarban Government College, the District Stadium, banashri, the solitary movie theatre, the royal burial ground, and, of course, the Royal Palace (two of them since the 11th and 13th royal lines both claim the throne). Apart from the abundant kyangs and mosques, there is a temple dedicated to Kali, the most revered divinity of Hindus is Bangladesh, as well as a centre maintained by ISKON.Narration
In the early days of 15th century, Arakanese kingdom, where Mrauk U was the capital, expended its territories to the Chittagong area of Bengal. After the victory of Arakan on Burma's Pegu kingdom in 1599 AD, the Arakanese king Mong Raja Gree appointed a Prince of Pegu as the governor of newly established Bohmong Htaung (Circle) by giving the title of "Bohmong" Raja. That area was mostly populated by the Arakanese descendants and ruled by the Burmese (Myanmar) noble children who started to call themselves in Arakanese language as Marma. Marma is an archaic Arakanese pronunciation for Myanmar. As the population of the Bohmong Htaung were of Arakanese descandants, these Myanmar-descendants Bohmong chiefs (Rajas) of the verdict class took the titles in Arakanese and converse a dialect of the Arakanese language.
British and Pakistani regulation
During the British reign in 1690 The Raide of Frontier Tribes Act -22 was passed which among other things envisaged the creation of Chittagong Hill Tracts District comprising the entire hilly region along the south eastern border of present day Bangladesh, stretching right from Tripura in the north and Myanmar in the south. The act also provided for the appointment of a superintendent to emancipation the administrative functions under the direct control and supervision of Divisional official of Chittagong. However seven years later in 1697 the post of superintendent was redesignated as that of Deputy Commissioner.In 1900 the Chittagong Hill Tracts Regulations 1900 was enacted to provide a consolidated and broader legal framework for the administrative system. This Act with minor modifications constituted the essentials for the administration of three hill districts. Recognizing the special historical and geographical features of the place as well as uniqueness of tribal population, the Regulation of 1900 divided the entire district into three circles. Each circle was to be headed by a circle chief whose primary responsibility was to collect profits, assisted by a Headman (Head of a Mouza) and a Karbari (Head of a Village) respectively at Mouza and village level. The Bohmong king was appointed as the Circle Chief of the Bohmong Circle. During the British period, the area of Bohmong circle under Bandarban and Lama Thana was operated as lowest organizational unit, with a Circle Officer as its head.
During World War II the area saw the presence of a formidable British military occurrence that came to stand against a Japanese invasion. The tribes of these hills held the reputation of obstinate insurgence throughout history. When India, Pakistan and Myanmar went independent from the Raj, the tribes of Bandarban flew the Myanmar, then known as Burma, flag for a few days. During the Bangladesh Liberation War (1971) to gain independence from Pakistan, leaders of the tribal people sought adherence with Pakistan government however most the general tribal people were against the decision.
Since Bangladeshi independence
In the late 1970s, a policy of forced settling of Bengalis into Chittagong Hill Tracts to change the demography of the region was pursued, which later gave rise to much violence against the hill community and the revolt led by Shanti Bahini.[1] There have been an attempt to create divide among tribal cultural lines between the Chakmas, who led Shantibanhini, and the Mrus, by creating an anti-Shantibanhini militia out of them. Now, after the peace treaty, Bandarban stands as a locally governed ethnic region together with the two other hill districts. Representation of abundant tribes of the district in the Hill Council now stand as a thorn of dispute here.Contemporary history of Bandarban has not been a happy one, despite much development initiatives taken by church organizations and UN agencies like UNICEF, UNDP and UNFPA as well as Bangladesh Army present in large numbers here. The district is still under a quasi-military rule. Insurgents from across the border[citation needed] as well as drugs and arms smugglers play a large role in the jungles here. Newspaper reports of discovering poppy fields[2][3] or arms caches[4] are not rare for Bandarban. There also is much tension between Bengali settlers and ethnic minorities, as well as between early Hindu settlers and recent Muslim settlers and between dominant tribes and lesser tribes.
Financial system
Tribal community at work
Heavily dependent on Jumm farming, which is a slash and burn agricultural technique, Bandarban produces little that is of economic value outside self consumption of the hill people, also known as Jumia. Fruits (banana, pineapple, jackfruit, papaya), masala (ginger, turmeric) and tribal textile are the major exports of the district, with going to places of interest growing fast as a source of revenue.[citation needed] Much of the trade in fruit, like most other commerce in the district, has been taken over by Bengali settlers.attire are mostly made of cotton, wool imported from Myanmar and silk cotton which is a rarity in most of Bangladesh. All cotton is spun and woven by hand. To promote local textile there now is a Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industry Corporation (BSCIC) center in Bandarban together with a wonderful sales centre. BSCIC has also introduced emotionless spinning and weaving here.
Bamboo and tobacco grows in significant extent, but largely is not considered as economically profitable products. Bamboo is used, along with canes, not just to make the traditional stilt houses, but is the substance for most tribal craft, including the bamboo smoking pipe, a major health hazard. Some bamboo-craft and local-made cigarillos are now exported out of the district.
Two church-based development organization - Christian Commission for Development in Bangladesh (CCDB) and Caritas are the major forces of development in the district. UNICEF is driving the education effort, which is mostly directed at younger children.
Ethnographic s
There are more than fifteen ethnic minorities living in the district besides the Bengalis, including: the Marma, Mru, Tanchangya, Bawm, Khyang, Tripura, Lushei, Khumi, Chak, Kuki, Chakma, Rakhine or Arakanese, Riyang, Usui and Pankho. The religious composition of the population, as of 1991, is 47.62% Muslim, 38% Buddhist, 7.27% Christian, 3.52% Hindu and 3.59% others.[5]The Mru, also known as Murong, who are famous for their harmony and dance. The Mru in major numbers have converted to the youngest religion in Bangladesh – Khrama (or Crama) – a religion that prohibits much of their old ways. They are proposed as the original inhabitants of Bandarban.[6][7]
The Bawm are another major tribe here. Now converted almost totally to Christianity they have taken full improvement of the church to become the most educated community in the district.[citation needed]
The Marma, also known as Magh, are of Arakanese descendants and Buddhists by religion, and are the second biggest ethnic group in the hill districts of Bangladesh.
The Chakma and the Tanchangya are also closely related. The Khumi live in the outmost parts of the district, and the group is thought to take account of yet unexplored/ unclassified tribes.[citation needed]
Hilly highway to Bandarban main town.
These ethnic groups are again divided in hundreds of clans and sects, principally dominated by four religious threads - Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism and Animism. All these clans and groups are clustered into two major ethnic families - the hill people and the valley people - though since the Kaptai dam flooded the valley to give birth to Kaptai lake, the valley people have started to live on hill tops along the hill people.Bengali settlers, coming in with the forced settlements in 1979, and Rohingya settlers, coming in across the Myanmar border since the junta came to power in Yangon in 1992, now has become two major ethnic groups outside minorities. It must be noted that not all Bengalis are settlers,but most of them are.
'Meghla Parjatan Complex'
Meghla Porjatan composite is the most visited spot by the tourists coming from all over the country tourist have the easiest access to it comparing other sites of Bandarban. It is in the contiguous area of the Bandarban hill district council on the gateway of Bandarban. At the bottom of the hills reproduction lake has been made. It is just 4 Kilometer away from Bandarban town. Here is a great understanding for the tourists for their amusement like Children Park, Boat Journey, Mini Zoo and Hanging Bridge etc. supervision authority of this tourist spot is office of the district commissioner of Bandarban. announcement to Meghla is smooth. That's why a lot of tourist makes the way to Meghla for celebrating their vacations.
Food and somewhere to stay: - Inside Meghla there is no arrangement for lunch. You can have snacks only. You can take lunch packet, if you want to pass whole day there. Outside the Meghla there are two restaurants with Chinese and Continental food at Holiday Inn resort and Porjatan Motel. everywhere to stay facilities are also available in the resort and the Porjatan Motel.
announcement: - It is just 4 Kilometer away from Bandarban town. You can hire privet Jeep and auto rickshaw for going to Meghla. Local bus is also available.
Meghla-1 Meghla-2
'Nilachal & Shuvronila'
This is the next-door tourist spot from Bandarban. It is situated at tiger Para. The spot is under joint management of district council & office of the district commission. It is near about 2000 fit above of sea level and 5 K.M away from the Bandarban town. From this you can have a total glimpse of Bandarban town and a vast landscape. In the rainy season you can be thrilled walking through the clouds. You can watch a golden evening in the evening and also can get pleasure from an evergreen moonlight in the moonlit night. One can never imagine how it looks like during the winter season, it is just breathtaking all about the foggy morning. On the way to Nilachal, you will see some tribe villages with their raw natural appearance. So welcome to Nilachal & Shuvronila.
Food & somewhere to stay: - This tourist spot is still under assembly. Yet there is no food and accommodation facility. The authority have already erected infrastructures for restaurant and rest house. It will start near future. So if you want to stay long there you have to take your food and drinking water from Bandarban town.
Communication :- It is just 5 KM. away from Bandarban town. You can hire privet Jeep and auto rickshaw.
Nilachal-1 Nilachal-2
'Shoylo Prapat'
It is 8km away from Bandarban town on the Bandarban Ruma road. This is one of the most famous and visited natural fall of Bangladesh. You can pay attention to the purl of this fall throughout the year. The flow of this fall becomes vigorous during the rainy season. The water of this fall is so transparent and cool. It is a good source for drinking water and household use for the local bawm the people. For availability of water here has grown 2/3 bawm village. It has become the main center for their economic activities. There is a small market for selling bawm handicrafts, handloom harvest and local food in shoylo prapat. You can see closely the struggling life of bawm community here in shoylo propat.
Food & Accommodations: - There is no arrangement for Food & accommodation in shoylo propat. You have to carry drinking water and food with your own management. There are some tea stalls run by bawm people in shoylo propat.
Communication :- Chander gari (public jeep) is available from Bandarban town to shoylo propat or you can hire auto rickshaw/private jeep to get there.
Shoila_Propat-2 Shoila_Propat-1
With abundant natural beauties Prantik Lake lies in Holodia near the Keranihat-Bandarban road. It is 14km away from Bandarban town. It requires 30mnt's drive. It covers an area of 2500acre. The administration authority of this lake is LGED. This lake is surrounded by a good many varieties of trees. It has been regarded a natural habitat for different bird species. This lake is an ideal place for fishing. You can have fishing opportunity in this lake with the permission of the authority. It is an ideal place for excursion and family tour in solitude.
Food & Accommodations: - There is no understanding for Food & accommodation in Prantik lake. You can pass the whole day but before nightfall you have to return Bandarban. You have to carry consumption water and food with your own administration.
Communication :- Local bus is obtainable from Bandarban to Holodia. From Holodia you can take a auto rickshaw to Prantik Lake or you can hire a Jeep.
Prantik_lake-1 Prantik_lake-2
'Chimbuk'
Chimbuk is the third highest peak of Bangladesh. This is one of the most recognized familiar tourist spot just 26km away from Bandarban sadar. It's about 2500ft high above sea level. You will definitely be charmed having glimpses of the zigzag way heading to chimbuk, nilgiri respectively. While your jeep is moving through the various indigenous villages, their simplicity in human gestures will compel you to think about our predecessors struggles to cope with to continue existence. They are as generous as nature. Here nature nourish her offspring with utmost love in her lap. When you are looking down from Chimbuk, it will get you the feelings of suspended over the clouds. When it is a shiny day, you can see the shades of clouds over the hills. The huge horizon of zigzag hills seem waves of a see.
Food and accommodation :- There is an well managed canteen in this place. Yon can avail snacks here. There are two govt owned rest houses to stay here. If you want to stay there, you have to confirm the reservation with the authority at first.
Communication :- Chimbuk is 26 kilometer away from Bandarban sadar. Tourists can go there by Thanci bound bus or jeep. But better option is to hire a private vehicle. On the way to Chimbuk you have to register your name and address with the military check post.
Chimbuk-1 Chimbuk-2
'Boga Lake'
Food & Accommodation: - At first you have to go Ruma from Bandarban Sadar. On the way you have to register your name, contact address and other details in the respective security camp. For your kind notice, it is apprised that you are not allowed to leave Ruma for Baga lake after 4pm. So you have to arrange the trip with proper calculation of time. copy paste to Bijoy
Communication :- You have to make a trip at first from Bandarban to Ruma by "Chander Gari" (public jeep) or a private vehicle. From Ruma you can hire public jeep upto Baga lake. You can also have a walk for Baga lake in winter season. It will requires 6hrs to reach Baga lake.
Boga_Lake-2 Boga_Lake-1
'Rijuk Fall'
When you are heading to Thanchi to Ruma by a boat you can have the glance of an exotic fall that is Rijuk Fall. Throughout the year this fall remains singing on the bank of Sango River. One can hardly control his impulses to get a shower under this fall. It has increased the surrounding beauty manifolds. It is much convenient to take an engine boat up to Rijuk. Remoteness doesn't always bear total seclusion as when you see untouched nature there, it will make you the most natural and very close to your heart strings. This can happen with you at the sight of Rijuk Fall. Round the year you can go there but during the rainy season you can have the most rejuvenated glance of this fall. That's the refreshing season for the nature full of cool greenery making you feel harmony with nature.
Food & Accommodation :- Yet there is no food and accommodation facility. The authority has a future plan to make infrastructures for restaurant and rest house. It will start near future. So if you want to stay long there you have to take your food and drinking water from Ruma Bazar.
Communication :- You have to make a trip at first from Bandarban to Ruma by "Chander Gari" (public jeep) or a private vehicle. From Ruma you can hire a boat upto Rijuk.
Rejuk-2 Rejuk-1
'Keokradong'
Keokradong is the second highest mountain of Bangladesh. It is about 4332 ft high from the sea level. It is 30km away from the Ruma sadar Upazilla. During the winter season many adventurous tourists endeavor to visit this spectacular mountain. This remote hilly region is full of natural beauty. You can be overwhelmed at the first sight of this mountain. It is very close to the Myanmar border and you can see an endless courses of mountains and hills. This area is covered with dense forests full of beast and animals.
Food & Accommodations :- On the way to Keokradong one have to pause his journey at Bogalake for restoration. There is no other accommodation facility except the rest houses of district council in Bogalake. One have to start his walking early in the morning from Bogalake to reach Keokradong. It will require 5 to 6 hours to reach Keokradong. Tourists have to hold that night in the near about tribe village and they have to start for Bogalake next morning. Tourists have to carry dry food , water purifying tablet warm clothes, torch light, orsallaine, anti mosquito lotion and other necessary medicines. This journey is very much laborious, so it is better to avoid children and women to take along with you. There are some residential hotels in Ruma Bazar, so you have to confirm at first the hotel reservation before going to Ruma, otherwise you will have no alternative passing the night under the open sky. If you are fortunate you can avail tribal house to pass the night.
Communication :- Ruma is 50 kilometer away from Bandarban. Due to lack of developed announcement and transportation it is a remote upzila Bangladesh. For visiting Keokradong you have to go to Ruma at first. On the way heading to Ruma you have to register your name & address in the nearby military check post. You should keep it mind that after 4 p.m nobody is allowed to leave Ruma for Boga Lake, Keokaradong, Tahjingdong. In rainy season you can go upto koikhhong jhiri by jeep. From that place you have to undertake one hour boat journey to Ruma. In winter season you can go up to Ruma Bridge Ghat and from the place you need 15 to 20 proceedings boat journey to arrive in Ruma. From Ruma sadar you can hire pickup or jeep up to Boga Lake and you have to walk through the hills from Boga Lake to Keokradong.
Keokradong-2 Keokradong-1
'Tahjingdong'
Tahjingdong is the highest heap of Bangladesh. According to local tribal language Tahjing means Great & Dong means Hill, coalesce expression is Great hill or Tahjingdong. The peak of this mountain is 4,300ft above sea level. It is positioned in Remakri Pangsha union under Ruma upazilla of Bandarban. It is 25km away from the sadar upazilla. Thousands of tourist gather every year in Ruma upazilla to pay a visit of Tahjingdong. Besides this mountain there are various tribal community whose versatile cultures and living styles are therefore nature oriented. Once the way to Tahjingdong was thought invincible, but today a lot of tourists make this journey possible for the shake of beauty. Beauty is scattered everywhere on the way to Tahjingdong. During the rainy season its a real hardship to reach it. Specially in the winter season many tourists endeavour to reach it on foot as an adventure. At present one can reach close to the Keokradong by Chander Gari (Jeep). The remaining path has to be completed on foot. It is must for one to carry warm clothes during the winter time of year. In this reverence walking habit will ease this tour.
Food & Accommodations :- On the way to Tahjingdong one have to pause his flight at Bogalake for restoration. There is no other accommodation facility except the rest houses of district council in Bogalake. One have to start his walking early in the morning from Bogalake to reach Tahjingdong. It will require 7 to 8 hours to reach Tahjingdong. Tourists have to hold that night in the near about tribe village and they have to start for Bogalake next morning. Tourists have to carry dry food , water purifying tablet warm clothes, torch light, orsallaine, anti parasite lotion and other necessary medicines. This journey is very much laborious, so it is better to avoid children and women to take along with you. There are some residential hotel in Ruma Bazar, so you have to confirm at first the hotel reservation before going to Ruma, otherwise you will have no alternative passing the night under the open sky. If you are fortunate you can avail tribal house to pass the night.
Communication :- Ruma is 50 kilometer away from Bandarban. Due to lack of developed communication and transportation it is a remote upzila Bangladesh. For visiting Tahjingdong you have to go to Ruma at first. On the way heading to Ruma you have to register your name & address in the nearby military check post. You should keep it mind that after 4 p.m nobody is allowed to leave Ruma for Boga Lake, Keokaradong, Tahjingdong. In rainy season you can go upto koikhhong jhiri by jeep. From that place you have to undertake one hour boat journey to Ruma. In winter time you can go up to Ruma Bridge Ghat and from the place you need 15 to 20 minutes boat journey to arrive in Ruma. From Ruma sadar you can hire pickup or jeep up to Boga Lake and you have to walk through the hills from Boga Lake to Tahjingdong.
Tahjingdong-1 Tahjingdong-2
'Shangu River'
Shangu River is the integral part of the natural beauty of Bandarban. This river is flowing through the hills thousands of years. It is also an important route to communicate with Ruma and Thanci upzilla. It has huge financial interests for the inhabitants of Bandarban. This river is widely used for transportation of agricultural and other necessary products for the people of remote community. Every year a huge quantity of logs and bamboo is carried through it. In the winter season it almost becomes stagnant but in the rainy season you will be amazed to see the violent contemporary of it. One must be fascinated with the beautifications scattered on the both sides of it. River cruise in Shangu is ecstatic and an exotic one. Nowhere in Bangladesh can you discover such a fusion of hills, forests, falls with a river. All the way you will be thrilled only. It is beyond one's imagination that nature is so candid and open here. Here birds are preaching your soul in the tranquil nature of the sermons to be blended with the personal man in green. Shangu is like a chaplet of hills. You can feel truly during the boat cruise that nature is the greatest artist. On the way to Thanci you will see big rocks are showering in its flow. This is basically amazing.
Food and accommodation:- You can have a splendid river cruise in Shangu and there are so many unspecified spots to arrange a ' Dutch treat' or picnic. You can also take lunch packet with you. For short trip you can take refreshments with you.
Communication :- You can hire traditional boats or engine boats from the old Shangu bridge or from Boatghat at Kyachingghata. You can approach downstream or upstream as well.
shangu-1 shangu-2
'Golden Temple'
It is situated at the outskirts of Bandarban city near Pulpara, Balaghata. It is just 4 kilometer away from Bandarban city. Its pagoda built on the top of the hills. It is regarded as one of the holy site for Buddhist pilgrims. Followers of Buddhism from different countries gather here to prey and visit. It's another name "Mohashukh Prarthona Purak Buddha Dhatu Chate". It has one of the greatest Buddha sculpture made during the contemporary period of Gautam Buddha. This monastery has been built at a cost of 100 million taka. It is one of the magnificent monasteries in the south East Asia. There is small pond in the monastery named "The Pond of Angels" on the top of a hill. From this you can have a total glimpse of Blaghata and its surrounding natural beauties. Every year a huge festival is arranged here. It is always open for the devotees and remainder open from 5 PM to 7PM for the visitors. Each tourist is charge 10 taka for entrance.
Food and Accommodation :- As it is close to Bandarban city, you can take only snacks and drinking water.
Communication :- You can hire a rickshaw or auto rickshaw from Bandarban city.
Golden-2 Golden-1
'Nilgiri'
Nilgiri is the highest tourist spot of Bangladesh. It is about 3500ft high and situated in Thanci upzilla. It is just 45km away from Bandarban sadar. Beside this spot you can see Mro villages. Their colorful culture and living style are surely an unexplored experience to you. In rainy season here creates a spectacular scenery, the whole spot is covered with the blanket of clouds. You can enjoy a cloudy experience. That is really awesome. Winter is waiting for you with it's foggy gesture on the height. It is a nice place for campfire in this season. This foggy understanding will remain crystal clear in your memory for decades. Sunrise and sunset are like an immense archive of glaring beauties in the summer. The sun is rising behind from the bottom of the hills illuminating the green hills and it is setting leaving behind a crepuscular dream for you. Its twilight with the breeze will ignite your Romanticism. You can also enjoy the serpentine course of Sangu River. This is the most fabulous tourist spot in Bandarban and managed by Army brigade of Bandarban.
Food and accommodation :- There is an well managed restaurant in this place. Yon can avail delicious cuisines and snacks here. There are some cozy deluxe suits and cottage to stay. If you want to stay there, you have to confirm the reservation with the authority at first.
Communication :- Nilgiri is 45km missing from Bandarban sadar. Tourists can go there by Thanci bound bus or jeep. But better option is to hire a private vehicle. On the way to Nilgiri you have to register your name and address with the military check post.
Nilgiri-1 Nilgiri-2
'Mirinja Parjatan'
This is a fantastic tourist spot in Lama. It is situated at 16 Kilometer of Lama to Ali Kadam road. It is about 1500 fit high from sea level and an attract spot for the tourists. You can watch Matamuhuri River and Lama Upazila from this spot. It is clean weather you can also watch the Bay of Bangle and Moheskhali Island. There is an Observation tower in this spot. There is a children park in Mirinja. You can walk up to Mirinja or can reach there by private vehicle.
Food and Accommodation :- This is a flourshing tourist spot. Food and somewhere to stay facilities are not yet good enough. There is a government owned rest house but to stay there prior authorization is required from relevant authority. In that case you can stay in Chakaria upzila Coxsbazar.
Communication :- Lama Upzila is near about 70 Kilometer absent from Bandarban Sadar. You can hire a private vehicle from Bandarban city or you can take Coxsbazar bound bus upto Chakaria upzila of Coxsbazar and than you can hire jeep to go to Lama upzila sadar.
Mirinja-1 Mirinja-2
'Upabon Parjatan'
Its a miraculous gift of nature in Nikhongchari. Here is a lake surrounded by forest. It is just 2 Kilometer away from Upzila sadar. There is a hanging bridge over the lake and it is longer than that of the Meghla. A lot of birds are twittering here and you will feel natural breeze also. It's an ideal place for passing time in solitude.
Food and Accommodation :- As it is close to Nakhongchari Upazila, you can take only snacks and drinking water. Food and accommodation facilities are not yet good enough. If you want to stay in a cozy hotel, you have to go to Coxsbazar. Otherwise you have to stay in Naikhongchari sadar. Here are two Government rest houses and one residential hotel.
Communication :- Naikhongchari Upzila is near about 100 Kilometer away from Bandarban Sadar. You can hire a private vehicle from Bandarban city or you can take Coxsbazar bound bus upto Ramu upzila of Coxsbazar and than you can hire Auto Rickshaw or jeep to go to Naikhongchari upzila sadar.
Upaban-1 Upaban-2
Notes
1. ^ Chittagong Hill Tracts: India Urged to Raise Minority Issues, Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, March 20, 2006.
2. ^ Poppy Cultivation of 100 Acres at Burma- Bangladesh Border Destroyed, Kalandan News, May 10, 2005.
4. ^ Bangladeshi security forces seize another weapons cache, BurmaNews International, 25 November 2004.
References
- Lonely Planet Bangladesh (Lonely Planet Bangladesh) by Richard Plunkett, et al.
- Identity Politics in Central Asia and the Muslim World (Library of International Relations *Vol. 13) by Willem van Schendel (Editor), Erik J. Zurcher (Editor)
- Deforestation, Environment, and Sustainable Development: A Comparative Analysis by Dhirendra K. Vajpeyi (Editor)
- Minorities, Peoples And Self-determination: Essays In Honour Of Patrick Thornberry by Nazila Ghanea (Editor)
No comments:
Post a Comment